This paper explores ways to improve a two-pass speech recognition system when the first-pass is hybrid autoregressive transducer model and the second-pass is a neural language model. The main focus is on the scores provided by each of these models, their quantitative analysis, how to improve them and the best way to integrate them with the objective of better recognition accuracy. Bhuvana Ramabhadran , Cyril Allauzen , David Rybach , Ehsan Variani , Michael D. Riley , Tongzhou Chen. Interspeech , Interspeech to appear. Increasing demand on computer networks continuously pushes manufacturers to incorporate novel features and capabilities into their switches at an ever-accelerating pace. However, the traditional approach to switch development relies on informal specifications and handcrafted tests to ensure reliability, which are tedious and slow to maintain and update, effectively putting feature velocity at Kinan Dak Albab , Jonathan Dilorenzo , Stefan Heule , Ali Kheradmand , Steffen Smolka , Konstantin Weitz , Muhammad Tirmazi , Jiaqi Gao , Minlan Yu.

SIGCOMM We present a decade of evolution and production experience with Jupiter datacenter network fabrics. A key enabler for these improvements is evolving Jupiter from a Clos to a direct-connect Leon Poutievski , Omid Mashayekhi , Joon Ong , Arjun Singh , Mukarram Tariq , Rui Wang , Jianan Zhang , Virginia Beauregard , Patrick Conner , Steve Gribble , Rishi Kapoor , Stephen Kratzer , Nanfang Li , Hong Liu , Karthik Nagaraj , Jason Ornstein , Samir Sawhney , Ryohei Urata , Lorenzo Vicisano , Kevin Yasumura , Shidong Zhang , Junlan Zhou , Amin Vahdat. The majority of IPCC scenarios call for active CO2 removal CDR to remain below 2ºC of warming. On geological timescales, ocean uptake regulates atmospheric CO2 concentration, with two homeostats driving sequestration: dissolution of deep ocean calcite deposits and terrestrial weathering of silicate rocks, acting on 1ka to ka timescales.

Many current ocean-based CDR proposals effectively Christopher H Van Arsdale , John Platt , Mike Tyka. Energy and Environmental Science EES As neuroscience marches into the experimental era of a high-throughput, single-cell and real-time regime, our understanding of the nervous system is shifting from hypothesis-driven to data-driven. Recent advances in machine learning and brain-computer interfaces have enabled us to create mechanistic theories, predict neural signals and utilize this knowledge to create task-specific feedback Baihan Lin , Vlad Miskovic , Sarah Laszlo. Journal of Neuroscience to appear. We introduce a framework for adapting a virtual keyboard to individual user behavior by modifying a Gaussian spatial model to use personalized key center offset means and, optionally, learned covariances.

Through numerous real-world studies, we determine the importance of training data quantity and weights, as well as the number of clusters into which to group keys to avoid overfitting. Gary Sivek , Michael D. We study cooperative online learning in stochastic and adversarial Markov decision process MDP. Aviv Rosenberg , tal lancewicki , Yishay Mansour. A compositional understanding of the world in terms of objects and their geometry in 3D space is considered a cornerstone of human cognition. Facilitating the learning of such a representation in neural networks holds promise for substantially improving labeled data efficiency.

As a key step in this direction, we make progress on the problem of learning 3D-consistent decompositions of complex Mehdi S. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. See More Resources. Basic Subscription FREE Register and you can download 3 of the Free Resources Every Month! Select Select. Select Select Select Select Select Select Select Select Select. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Cookie settings ACCEPT. Manage consent. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.

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However, you also want to avoid general topics and instead stick with topics specific enough that you can cover all the relevant information without cutting too much. To refine your topic and prepare your thesis statement, find out what research is available for your topic as soon as possible. Early research can help dispel any misconceptions you have about the topic and reveal the best paths and approaches to find more material. Typically, you can find sources either online or in a library. Some search engines—mentioned below in the Tools and resources section—allow you to browse only accredited sources and academic databases. Keep in mind the difference between primary and secondary sources as you search. Primary sources are firsthand accounts, like published articles or autobiographies; secondary sources are more removed, like critical reviews or secondhand biographies.

If a source seems useful, set it aside to give it a full read later. Using what you found in your preliminary research, write a thesis statement that succinctly summarizes what your research paper will be about. A thesis statement is the best answer for how to start a research paper. Aside from preparing your reader, the thesis statement also makes it easier for other researchers to assess whether or not your paper is useful to them for their own research. Likewise, you should read the thesis statements of other research papers to decide how useful they are to you. A good thesis statement mentions all the important parts of the discussion without disclosing too many of the details. Normally, you find your supporting evidence by reading each source and taking notes. Aside from highlighting text and writing notes, another common tactic is to use bibliography cards.

These are simple index cards with a fact or direct quotation on one side and the bibliographical information source citation, page numbers, subtopic category on the other. A lot of students want to know how to write a research paper outline. More than informal essays, research papers require a methodical and systematic structure to make sure all issues are addressed, and that makes outlines especially important. First make a list of all the important categories and subtopics you need to cover—an outline for your outline! Consider all the information you gathered when compiling your supporting evidence and ask yourself what the best way to separate and categorize everything is. Once you have a list of what you want to talk about, consider the best order to present the information.

Which subtopics are related and should go next to each other? If your information is fairly straightforward, feel free to take a chronological approach and present the information in the order it happened. Because research papers can get complicated, consider breaking your outline into paragraphs. For starters, this helps you stay organized if you have a lot of information to cover. Moreover, it gives you greater control over the flow and direction of the research paper. Open with your thesis statement and then fill out the rest of your introduction with the secondary information—save the details for the body of your research paper, which comes next. The body contains the bulk of your research paper.

Unlike essays , research papers usually divide the body into sections with separate headers to facilitate browsing and scanning. Use the divisions in your outline as a guide.

Few things strike more fear in academics than the accursed research paper , a term synonymous with long hours and hard work. or at least less painful. In this guide we concisely explain how to write an academic research paper step by step. Write papers with confidence Grammarly helps you make the grade Write with Grammarly. A research paper is a type of academic writing that provides an in-depth analysis, evaluation, or interpretation of a single topic, based on empirical evidence. Research papers are similar to analytical essays, except that research papers emphasize the use of statistical data and preexisting research, along with a strict code for citations. Research papers are a bedrock of modern science and the most effective way to share information across a wide network.

Considering their gravity, research papers favor formal, even bland language that strips the writing of any bias. Researchers state their findings plainly and with corresponding evidence so that other researchers can consequently use the paper in their own research. Keep in mind that writing a research paper is different from writing a research proposal. Essentially, research proposals are to acquire the funding needed to get the data to write a research paper. The length of a research paper depends on the topic or assignment. Otherwise, let your topic dictate the length: Complicated topics or extensive research will require more explanation.

Below is a step-by-step guide to writing a research paper, catered specifically for students rather than professional researchers. While some steps may not apply to your particular assignment, think of this as more of a general guideline to keep you on track. For some of you this goes without saying, but you might be surprised at how many students start a research paper without even reading the assignment guidelines. So your first step should be to review the assignment and carefully read the writing prompt. Specifically, look for technical requirements such as length , formatting requirements single- vs. double-spacing, indentations, etc. and citation style. Also pay attention to the particulars, such as whether or not you need to write an abstract or include a cover page.

Once you understand the assignment, the next steps in how to write a research paper follow the usual writing process , more or less. There are some extra steps involved because research papers have extra rules, but the gist of the writing process is the same. In open-ended assignments, the student must choose their own topic. Your top priority in how to choose a research paper topic is whether it will provide enough content and substance for an entire research paper. However, you also want to avoid general topics and instead stick with topics specific enough that you can cover all the relevant information without cutting too much. To refine your topic and prepare your thesis statement, find out what research is available for your topic as soon as possible. Early research can help dispel any misconceptions you have about the topic and reveal the best paths and approaches to find more material.

Typically, you can find sources either online or in a library. Some search engines—mentioned below in the Tools and resources section—allow you to browse only accredited sources and academic databases. Keep in mind the difference between primary and secondary sources as you search. Primary sources are firsthand accounts, like published articles or autobiographies; secondary sources are more removed, like critical reviews or secondhand biographies. If a source seems useful, set it aside to give it a full read later. Using what you found in your preliminary research, write a thesis statement that succinctly summarizes what your research paper will be about. A thesis statement is the best answer for how to start a research paper. Aside from preparing your reader, the thesis statement also makes it easier for other researchers to assess whether or not your paper is useful to them for their own research.

Likewise, you should read the thesis statements of other research papers to decide how useful they are to you. A good thesis statement mentions all the important parts of the discussion without disclosing too many of the details. Normally, you find your supporting evidence by reading each source and taking notes. Aside from highlighting text and writing notes, another common tactic is to use bibliography cards. These are simple index cards with a fact or direct quotation on one side and the bibliographical information source citation, page numbers, subtopic category on the other. A lot of students want to know how to write a research paper outline. More than informal essays, research papers require a methodical and systematic structure to make sure all issues are addressed, and that makes outlines especially important.

First make a list of all the important categories and subtopics you need to cover—an outline for your outline! Consider all the information you gathered when compiling your supporting evidence and ask yourself what the best way to separate and categorize everything is. Once you have a list of what you want to talk about, consider the best order to present the information. Which subtopics are related and should go next to each other? If your information is fairly straightforward, feel free to take a chronological approach and present the information in the order it happened.

Because research papers can get complicated, consider breaking your outline into paragraphs. For starters, this helps you stay organized if you have a lot of information to cover. Moreover, it gives you greater control over the flow and direction of the research paper. Open with your thesis statement and then fill out the rest of your introduction with the secondary information—save the details for the body of your research paper, which comes next. The body contains the bulk of your research paper. Unlike essays , research papers usually divide the body into sections with separate headers to facilitate browsing and scanning.

Use the divisions in your outline as a guide. Follow along your outline and go paragraph by paragraph. One of the most common problems with writing long works like research papers is connecting paragraphs to each other. The longer your writing is, the harder it is to tie everything together smoothly. Use transition sentences to improve the flow of your paper, especially for the first and last sentences in a paragraph. Even after the body is written, you still need to know how to write a conclusion for a research paper. Citations are part of what sets research papers apart from more casual nonfiction like personal essays. Citing your sources both validates your data and also links your research paper to the greater scientific community.

Because of their importance, citations must follow precise formatting rules. You need to check with the assignment to see which formatting style is required. Typically, academic research papers follow one of two formatting styles for citing sources:. The links above explain the specific formatting guidelines for each style, along with an automatic citation generator to help you get started. In addition to MLA and APA styles, you occasionally see requirements for CMOS The Chicago Manual of Style , AMA American Medical Association and IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Citations may seem confusing at first with all their rules and specific information. Keep in mind that each formatting style has specific guidelines for citing just about any kind of source, including photos , websites , speeches , and YouTube videos.

Last but not least, you want to go through your research paper to correct all the mistakes by proofreading. Doing two different editing sessions helps you focus on one area at a time instead of doing them both at once. Some people find it useful to read their paper out loud to catch problems they might miss when reading in their head. If you want to improve your revision skills, read our guide on self-editing , which includes a more complete checklist and advanced tips on improving your revisions. Technical issues like grammatical mistakes and misspelled words can be handled effortlessly if you use a spellchecker with your word processor, or even better, a digital writing assistant that also suggests improvements for word choice and tone, like Grammarly we explain more in the Tools and resources section below.

If you want to know more about how to write a research paper, or if you want some help with each step, take a look at the tools and resources below. Zotero is a freemium, open-source research manager, a cross between an organizational CMS and a search engine for academic research. With it, you can browse the internet for research sources relevant to your topic and share them easily with colleagues. Also, it automatically generates citations. Writing long research papers is always a strain on your attention span. If you have trouble avoiding distractions during those long stretches, FocusWriter might be able to help. FocusWriter is a minimalist word processor that removes all the distracting icons and sticks only to what you type. This useful and free tool from Google lets you create simple charts and graphs based on whatever data you input.

Charts and graphs are excellent visual aids for expressing numeric data, a perfect complement if you need to explain complicated evidential research. Grammarly goes way beyond grammar, helping you hone word choice, checking your text for plagiarism, detecting your tone, and more. A research paper is a piece of academic writing that analyzes, evaluates, or interprets a single topic with empirical evidence and statistical data. While research papers depend on the course or professor, you can expect to write at least a few before graduation. Today most research is conducted either online or in libraries. Some topics might benefit from old periodicals like newspapers or magazines, as well as visual media like documentaries. Museums, parks, and historical monuments can also be useful.

Most school research reports use either MLA or APA styles, although there are others. This article was originally written by Karen Hertzberg in The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Research Paper Matt Ellis. Write papers with confidence. Writing, grammar, and communication tips for your inbox.

Please kindly mail to me examples of students responses to artist works while working on ARTIST RESEARCH PROJECTS IGCSE Thanks and hoping to hear from you soon. Normally, you find your supporting evidence by reading each source and taking notes. These are simple index cards with a fact or direct quotation on one side and the bibliographical information source citation, page numbers, subtopic category on the other. Because research papers can get complicated, consider breaking your outline into paragraphs. A good thesis statement mentions all the important parts of the discussion without disclosing too many of the details. Research papers are a bedrock of modern science and the most effective way to share information across a wide network.

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